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Contained within the hindbrain, the medulla regulates the automatic processes of the autonomic nervous system, such as breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate. Along with the pons and other structures, it forms the brainstem, which spans both the midbrain and the hindbrain.

Medulla

The involuntary movements and sounds made by Terri Schiavo, such as eye movements and groans, were a result of her intact brainstem. While the areas of her brain controlling thought, sensation, and voluntary action were completely damaged, her medulla and pons continued to manage autonomic functions like breathing and generated these reflexive actions.

Physiological Basis of Terri Schiavo's Involuntary Actions

A patient is admitted to the hospital after a severe accident. The patient is unconscious and displays a critical loss of control over their breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. Given these specific symptoms related to essential autonomic functions, which brain structure is most likely damaged?

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