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Based on the provided distribution example, explain how the degrees of freedom are calculated for a sample of individuals. Then, state how a researcher defines an "extreme" score in both directions to find the proportion of expected scores that make up the -value.
Question: Based on the provided distribution example, explain how the degrees of freedom are calculated for a sample of individuals. Then, state how a researcher defines an "extreme" score in both directions to find the proportion of expected scores that make up the -value.
Sample answer: For a sample of individuals, the degrees of freedom are calculated as (). When defining extreme in both directions, the -value is determined by combining the proportion of expected scores in the distribution that are or greater with the proportion of expected scores that are or lower, which sum to a final combined proportion of .14.
Key points:
- Identify that a sample of individuals corresponds to degrees of freedom.
- Explain that the -value combines proportions from both the positive and negative ends of the distribution.
- Recall that the proportion of expected scores at or above and at or below is combined.
- State that the final combined proportion is .14.
Rubric: Full credit requires identifying that individuals corresponds to degrees of freedom, explaining that "extreme in both directions" means combining the proportion of scores at or above and at or below , and recalling that the combined proportion equals .14.
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Research Methods in Psychology - 4th American Edition @ KPU
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