Employees decide themselves when and how to complete their tasks.

Job Autonomy

Providing daily reports to employers, working with a camera on, and clocking in and out of work.

Monitoring

Workload

Having other individuals to communicate with and provide support when needed.

Social Support

Job autonomy, social support, workload, and monitoring

Tulane University

Remote work is a flexible working arrangement or environment that allows one to work outside of the on-site workplace. The versatility in remote work allows for temporary or permanent arrangements, part-time or full-time arrangements, and occasional or frequent arrangements. Remote work is often facilitated through online programs and collaborative platforms such as zoom, google meets, Microsoft teams, etc. Typically, remote work is organized into groups or teams that hold metting through their respective platform.

Remote Work

Wang, B., Liu, Y., Qian, J., & Parker, S. K. (2020). Achieving effective remote working during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A work design perspective. Applied Psychology, 70(1), 16–59. 	https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12290 

Achieving Effective Remote Work During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Work Design Perspective

- Telecommuting
- Distance Working
- Telework
- Working From Home (WFH)
- Mobile Work
- Remote Job
- Work from Anywhere (WFA)
- Virtual Work

Remote Work (other names)

virtual teams can create psychological safety if their members are willing to invest time and effort in three specific ways: accepting virtual team challenges, discussing rules, and team connection What follows is a practical guide for managers to transfer findings to their virtual team reality.

Practical recommendations for remote work

- A full-time arrangement

- A part-time arrangement

Two Types of Arrangement

- Voluntary remote work

- Involuntary remote work

Two Types of Remote Work

- Hot desking 
- Hoteling 
- Telework centers
- Collaborative offices
- Day extenders
- Mobile remote workers

Different or Hybrid types of remote work

Desirable (the greatest benefits) vs. Undesirable (the most difficult challenges) Aspects of Remote Work: characteristics fell on a spectrum; most employees’ experiences usually fell somewhere between the extremes.

- Flextime vs. Work Intensity

- Flexplace vs. Space Limitation

- Technologically-Feasible Work Arrangement vs. Technostress and Isolation

- Family-Friendly Work Arrangement vs. Housework and Care Intensity

Four Themes Representing the Contrast between Remote Work's Desirable Expectations and Undesirable Experiences

Work-home interference, ineffective communication, loneliness, procrastination, and boundary management.

Challenges Associated with Remote Work

Individual Factor Affecting Remote Work Productivity

- COVID pushed this transition heavier
- Controversial, many are divided on which medium they prefer
- Focus on communication, visibility, community, structure, wellbeing, obtaining correct tools

Transitioning from On-site to Remote work

1) Offer remote work as an option

2) Prepare to support transition and remote work

3) Provide ongoing support to sustain remote work

Practical Suggestions to Support Remote Work and Work-Life Balance

Boundary management discusses how individuals establish, maintain, or change boundaries in order to effectively navigate the world around them, including their work and nonwork roles 

Boundary Management

Employee Engagement and Remote Working Condition

•	Metasterotypes 


•	Age Stereotypes

•	The wording in job applications 

•	How the job seekers perceive it



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