- Interferons
- Intravenous gammaglobulin
- Thymosin alpha-1
- Thymopentin
- Levamisole
- Cyclosporine A
- Chinese Medicine

Immunoenhancers as general supportive treatments 

Suppressing the hyper-response of the immune system due to the SARS-CoV-2 infection.

University of California, Davis

As of today there are no antiviral therapies available for the treatment of COVID-19. However, there have been identified some potential druggable targets.

Potential Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of COVID-19

Saxena, A. Drug targets for COVID-19 therapeutics: Ongoing global efforts. J Biosci 45, 87 (2020). https://doi-org.proxy.lib.umich.edu/10.1007/s12038-020-00067-w
https://doi-org.proxy.lib.umich.edu/10.1007/s12038-020-00067-w

Drug targets for COVID-19 therapeutics: Ongoing global efforts

- Inhibition of the binding between the spike protein present on the surface of the virus and the ACE-2 receptor present in the membrane of the host cell. This interaction mediates the entry of the virus in the cell. 
- Because ACE 2 plays a central role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, it is thought that it could be an efficient drug target that could either treat or prevent infection. 

ACE2 normal role:
-Critical to regulate processes such as pressure, wound healing, and inflammation. 


-It helps modulate ANGII, a protein that increases blood pressure and inflammation, increasing damage to blood vessel lining and tissue. 

COVID-19:
-In response to COVID-19, ANGII has increased inflammation and the death of alveoli cells which are critical for bringing oxygen into the body...ACE2 prevents this.

-When COVID-19 virus binds to ACE2, it inhibits its action, thus increasing the effects of ANGII
 

ACE 2 Receptor as a Pharmacological Target for Treating or Preventing COVID-19

Inhibition of the viral entry by targeting the Clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the virus.

Targeting Clathrin-mediated endocytosis of SARS-CoV-2

Inhibition of important membrane, nucleocapsid and envelope viral proteins. These are structural proteins that are crucial for the virus to propagate and infect other cells.

Targeting viral membranes

- COVID-19 shows age and sex specific severity
- Estrogen and progesterone might serve protective purpose through antiviral activity or immune-mediating mechanism

Learn Before

Related

Learn After