VNTR polymorphism in the IL1R gene transcript is related to athletic status. IL1R*1 / IL1R*2 genotypes occur more frequently in athletes when compared to nonathletes. In addition, the IL*1 / IL*2 genotypes were more common in competitive than non-competitors. Carriers of the IL*2 allele are thought to have an edge in adapting to high-intensity exercise.

IL1RN

The following short sequences of DNA have been used to identify chromosomes involved in inflammatory and repair reactions in skeletal muscle during and after exercise in elite power athletes:
- IL1RN

Michigan State University

Athletic performance factors like endurance, strength, power, flexibility, neuromuscular coordination, psychological qualities, and other crucial aspects of sport, are greatly influenced by genetic components.

Genetic markers can be sorted into the following groups:
- Markers associated with skeletal muscle structure and function
- Markers involved in the inflammatory and repair reactions in skeletal muscle during and after exercise
- Markers involved in blood pressure control
- Markers involved in modulation of oxygen uptake 
- Markers that are regulators of energy metabolism and cellular homeostasis
- Markers encoding factors that control gene expression by rearrangement of chromatin fibers and mRNA stability
- Markers modulating cellular signaling pathways


Genetic Markers Associated with Elite Athletes

Maciejewska-Skrendo, A., Cięszczyk, P., Chycki, J., Sawczuk, M., & Smółka, W. (2019). Genetic Markers Associated with Power Athlete Status. Journal of human kinetics, 68, 17–36. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0053

Genetic Markers Associated with Power Athlete Status (Reference)

The following short sequences of DNA have been used to identify chromosomes frequently associated with the  skeletal muscle structure and function of elite power athletes:
- ACTN3
- DMD
- COTL1
- MPRIP 
- CALCR
- MCT1
- IGF1
- IGF1R
- IGF2 
- CNTFR

Genetic Markers Associated with the Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function of Athletes

The following short sequences of DNA have been used to identify chromosomes  involved in blood pressure control in elite power athletes:
- ACE
- AGT
- AGTR2
- ADRB2
- FOCAD

Genetic Markers Involved in Blood Pressure Control in Athletes

The following short sequences of DNA have been used to identify chromosomes involved in the modulation of oxygen uptake in elite power athletes:
- HIF1A
- EPAS1
- NOS3
- SOD2

Genetic Markers Involved in the Modulation of Oxygen Uptake in Athletes

The following short sequences of DNA have been used to identify chromosomes that are known regulators of energy metabolism and cellular homeostasis in elite power athletes:
- SUCLA2
- UCP2
- CKM
- AMPD1
- CNDP
- PPARG
- PPARGC1
- HSD17B14
- TPK1
- GALNT13

Genetic Markers that Indicate Regulators of Energy Metabolism and Cellular Homeostasis in Athletes

The following short sequences of DNA have been used to identify chromosomes that are  encoding factors that control gene expression by rearrangement of chromatin fibers and mRNA stability in elite power athletes:
- MTHFR
- RC3H1
- ZNF423
- MED4
- WAPL

Genetic Markers that Indicate Encoding Factors that Control Gene Expression by Rearrangement of Chromatin Fibers and mRNA Stability in Athletes

The following short sequences of DNA have been used to identify chromosomes that modulate cellular signaling pathways in elite power athletes:

- CREM 
- IP6K3
- TRHR
- ARHGEF28
- ACVR1B
- GPC5
- NRG1
- CLSTN2 
- GABRR1

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