Peers are a primary influence on our development during adolescence.

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Adolescence is the developmental stage that begins with puberty and concludes at the start of emerging adulthood, typically spanning the ages of 12 to 18. This period serves as an extended transition between childhood and adulthood and is characterized by predictable milestones across three domains: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development.

Adolescence

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Despite the considerable variance between adolescents in the onset and pace of puberty, the sequence of physical changes themselves are predictable. These changes can be divided into two categories: 

- Primary Sexual Characteristics 
- Secondary Sexual Characteristics

Physical Development During Adolescence 

Adolescence is marked by the emergence of more complex thinking abilities, including a shift from concrete to abstract thought. This development, which Piaget termed the formal operational stage, enables teenagers to consider multiple viewpoints, analyze hypothetical situations, debate complex ideas like politics and justice, and formulate new concepts. This cognitive maturation also often leads to adolescents questioning authority and challenging established societal norms.

Cognitive Development During Adolescence

A key psychosocial task during adolescence, particularly in the United States, is the development of independence from parents while simultaneously maintaining a connection with them. This period also involves prioritizing peer relationships and, according to Erikson's theory, establishing a personal identity.

Psychosocial Development during Adolescence

Emerging adulthood is a recently identified stage of lifespan development that bridges adolescence and full adulthood. Typically occurring from age 18 to the mid-20s, this period is considered a transitional phase where the primary focus is on exploring one's identity, particularly in the contexts of work and love. This stage is especially prominent in Western cultures, where the attainment of traditional adult milestones is often delayed.

Emerging Adulthood

The developmental shift from adolescence to adulthood can be a difficult period, with challenges arising from the biological timing of puberty and the socially extended phase of emerging adulthood.

Challenges in the Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood

Adolescence is described as a period of significant change across three key domains. Analyze this developmental stage by describing a distinct milestone or change within each of the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains. Then, explain how a change in one of these domains might influence development in another.

Interconnected Development in Adolescence

In the fifth stage of psychosocial development, identity versus role confusion, which occurs during adolescence (ages 12–18), the primary task is to develop a sense of self. Adolescents grapple with the fundamental questions “Who am I?” and “Who do I want to be?” as they explore their identity, often by experimenting with different personas. Successfully navigating this stage leads to a strong sense of identity, enabling individuals to stay true to their beliefs and values. Failure to resolve this conflict, either through apathy or by conforming to external pressures, results in a weak sense of self and confusion about one's identity and future.

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