A course tag for the 1Cademy Literature migration. Nodes with this tag belong to the bilingual literary prerequisite graph imported from the LiteraturePrereqGraph source cache.

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Literature most broadly is all written work in addition to “oral literature”. 

Literature

Persian Literature refers to the body of writings in the Persian language, notable for its rich poetic tradition. It includes epic poetry, philosophy, and works on ethics and mysticism.

Persian Literature

Add reference nodes for Literature as children here.

Literature References

A type of communication that usually describes categories of art or entertainment based on agreed-upon conventions.


*Works can fit into multiple genres 

Genre

Critical Practices in Literature 

An ancient human tradition found everywhere in the world. The earliest poetry is believed to have been recited or sung as a way of remembering history, genealogy, and law.

Oral Literature/ Oral Tradition 

Around the 4th millennium BC, the complexity of trade and administration in Mesopotamia allowed writing to become a dependable method of recording transactions. Although, in both ancient Egypt and Mesoamerica, "writing may have already emerged because of the need to record historical and environmental events." 

The History of Writing

Types of Literature

The research literature in any given scientific field consists of all the published research in that area. It primarily includes articles in professional journals and scholarly books, while excluding sources intended for the general public, such as self-help books, dictionary entries, and websites, which lack rigorous peer review.

Research Literature

Persian poets have played a crucial role in the development of Persian literature, often incorporating themes of love, mysticism, and morality. Notable poets include Hafez, Saadi, and Maulana Jalaluddin Rumi, whose works continue to be celebrated for their depth and beauty.

- Hafez
- Saadi
- Maulana (Rumi)

Persian Poets

Root URL: https://huggingface.co/
Source URL: https://huggingface.co/datasets/mabidan/ganjoor/resolve/main/train.csv

This Reference node represents the source used by the Literature-to-1Cademy migration agent.

Ganjoor Persian Poetry Dataset on Hugging Face

Root URL: https://ganjoor.net/
Source URL: https://ganjoor.net/

This Reference node represents the source used by the Literature-to-1Cademy migration agent.

Ganjoor

Farsi poetry is a rich literary tradition characterized by lyrical expression, intricate metaphors, and deep philosophical, mystical, and romantic themes, often reflecting Persian culture, history, and spirituality.

Farsi poetry

This literary collection groups the source passages from the corresponding work in the Literature graph.

تذکرة الأولیاء / Memorial of the Saints

Farid al-Din Attar of Nishapur (c. 1145 – c. 1221) was a major Persian poet, theoretician of Sufism, and hagiographer. His profound works have had an immense and lasting influence on Persian poetry and Islamic mysticism. He is best known for authoring the epic allegorical poem 'The Conference of the Birds' (Mantiq al-Tayr) and the prose biographical collection 'Memorial of the Saints' (Tazkirat al-Awliya).

فریدالدین عطار نیشابوری / Farid al-Din Attar of Nishapur

حدیقة الحقیقه و شریعة الطریقه / Hadiqat al-Haqiqah (The Walled Garden of Truth)

Haft Awrang

[farsi-poem-source:1:nicholson-mathnawi-english]

Reynold A. Nicholson, The Mathnawi of Jalaluddin Rumi, English translation volumes II, IV, and VI (Luzac, 1926-1934).

Books I-II: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70297

Books III-IV: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70298

Books V-VI: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285559

The Digital Library of India metadata labels volumes II and IV out of copyright. Rights for the 1934 volume and reuse in each jurisdiction still require a source-specific determination; this catalog record does not enable automatic use by itself.

Nicholson's English Translation of Rumi's Mathnawi (1926-1934)

[farsi-poem-source:1:masnavi-net-nicholson-alignment]

Masnavi.net presents Rumi's Persian Mathnawi beside Reynold A. Nicholson's English translation and provides navigable passage pages.

Source URL: https://masnavi.net/

The site does not state an explicit license for its alignment or database. Automatic reuse remains disabled unless permission or a documented rights determination is recorded.

Masnavi.net Bilingual Nicholson Alignment

[farsi-poem-source:1:clarke-hafez-english-1891]

H. Wilberforce Clarke, The Divan of Hafiz, Calcutta: Government of India Central Printing Office, 1891.

Machine-readable English edition: https://github.com/PerseusDL/canonical-farsiLit/blob/master/data/hafez/divan/hafez.divan.perseus-eng1.xml

The underlying 1891 translation is public domain. The repository transcription is governed by the repository license recorded in the companion Perseus Reference node.

Clarke's English Translation of Hafez's Divan (1891)

[farsi-poem-source:1:perseus-hafez-tei-editions]

Open Philology/Perseus Canonical Farsi Literature TEI editions of Hafez's Divan.

Persian TEI: https://github.com/PerseusDL/canonical-farsiLit/blob/master/data/hafez/divan/hafez.divan.perseus-far1.xml

English TEI: https://github.com/PerseusDL/canonical-farsiLit/blob/master/data/hafez/divan/hafez.divan.perseus-eng1.xml

Repository license: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States unless otherwise indicated.

The Persian and English files do not preserve a dependable same-line semantic alignment for every poem. They are not used automatically until a deterministic alignment validator passes.

Perseus/Open Philology Hafez TEI Editions

[farsi-poem-source:1:whinfield-khayyam-1883]

Edward Henry Whinfield, The Quatrains of Omar Khayyam: The Persian Text with an English Verse Translation, London: Trubner & Co., 1883.

English edition: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Quatrains_of_Omar_Khayyam_(tr._Whinfield,_1883)

Persian edition: https://fa.wikisource.org/wiki/رباعیات_خیام_(تصحیح_وینفیلد)

The 1883 edition is public domain.

Whinfield's Quatrains of Omar Khayyam (1883)

[farsi-poem-source:1:wikisource-khayyam-transcription]

English and Persian Wikisource transcriptions of Whinfield's numbered 1883 Khayyam edition, with matching quatrain numbers and stable page anchors.

English: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Quatrains_of_Omar_Khayyam_(tr._Whinfield,_1883)

Persian: https://fa.wikisource.org/wiki/رباعیات_خیام_(تصحیح_وینفیلد)

Wikisource page text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 and the GNU Free Documentation License; the underlying 1883 work is public domain.

Wikisource Whinfield Khayyam Bilingual Transcription

[farsi-poem-source:1:dar-al-masnavi-nicholson-reed-song]

Dar al-Masnavi's numbered presentation of Reynold A. Nicholson's 1926 English translation of the Song of the Reed, Masnavi Book I, couplets 1-34.

Exact passage: https://www.dar-al-masnavi.org/reedsong.html#4.

The poem-layout repair extracts only the 34 numbered Nicholson paragraphs and their explicit hemistich boundaries. It does not copy the page's modern translations, commentary, or notes.

The underlying 1926 Nicholson translation is public domain in the United States. This Reference identifies the web transcription used for deterministic alignment.

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