U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Effects of domestic violence on children. Effects of domestic violence on children | Office on Women's Health. Retrieved October 23, 2022, from https://www.womenshealth.gov/relationships-and-safety/domestic-violence/effects-domestic-violence-children#:~:text=Children%20who%20witness%20or%20are,-esteem%2C%20and%20other%20problems. 

Effects of domestic violence on children

Gold, J., Sullivan, M. W., & Lewis, M. (2011). The relation between abuse and violent delinquency: the conversion of shame to blame in juvenile offenders. Child abuse & neglect, 35(7), 459–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.02.007

The relation between abuse and violent delinquency: The conversion of shame to blame in juvenile offenders

Stiles, M. M. (2002, December 1). Witnessing domestic violence: The effect on children. American Family Physician. Retrieved October 23, 2022, from https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/1201/p2052.html 

Witnessing Domestic Violence: The Effect on Children

Henry Ford College

References from APA for Clinical Psychology

One’s description and evaluation of oneself, including psychological and physical characteristics, qualities, skills, roles and so forth. Self-concepts contribute to the individual’s sense of identity over time

Self-Concept 

Parenting style in which the parent or caregiver encourages a child’s autonomy yet still places certain limitations on behavior.

Authoritative Parenting

Parenting style in which the parent or caregiver is accepting and affirmative, makes few demands, and avoids exercising control.

 Permissive Parenting

Parenting style in which the parent or caregiver is unsupportive, fails to monitor or limit behavior, and is more attentive to his or her needs than those of the child.

Rejecting–Neglecting Parenting

Clegg, J. W. (2012). Teaching about mental health and illness through the history of the DSM. History of psychology, 15(4), 364. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027249

Teaching about mental health and illness through the history of the DSM

Parenting style in which the parent or caregiver stresses obedience, deemphasizes collaboration and dialogue, and employs strong forms of punishment. This style can create anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy children.

Authoritarian Parenting

Proposed by Diana Baumrind, this theory suggests that parenting styles are a significant factor in a child's socioemotional development and the formation of a healthy self-concept. The theory outlines four primary styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved, each describing a different approach to raising children.

Diana Baumrind's Theory of Parenting Styles

Convenience sampling is a common form of non-probability sampling where researchers study individuals who happen to be physically nearby and are readily willing to participate, such as college students in an introductory psychology course. While this approach is frequently used in psychological research due to its accessibility and efficiency, its main disadvantage is that the resulting sample may not accurately represent the broader population, severely limiting the ability to generalize the findings.

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