Murray, S. L., Holmes, J. G., & Griffin, D. W. (2000). Self-esteem and the quest for felt security: How perceived regard regulates attachment processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(3). https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.3.478

Self-esteem and the quest for felt security: How perceived regard regulates attachment processes.

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Attachment anxiety moderates the association between ADHD and psychological distress.

Marsh, L. E., Norvilitis, J. M., Ingersoll, T. S., & Li, B. (2015). ADHD symptomatology, fear of intimacy, and sexual anxiety and behavior among college students in China and the United States. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054712453483

ADHD Symptomatology, Fear of Intimacy, and Sexual Anxiety and Behavior Among College Students in China and the United States

Oakland University

A common and disruptive type of emotional dysregulation (ED) that is thought to be innate to ADHD and not caused by trauma. It is also sometimes called hysteroid dysphoria in Europe and is characterized by intense but brief mood shifts triggered by real or perceived rejection or criticism. 

Rejection Sensitivity Dysphoria (RSD)

-rejection (the real or perceived withdrawal of love, approval, or respect)

-teasing

-criticism, even if constructive

-persistent self-criticism, or negative self-talk prompted by real or perceived failure

Triggers for RSD

-sudden emotional outbursts after perceived criticism/rejection

-social withdrawal/self-isolation

-negative self-talk

-thoughts of self harm

-avoidance of social situations where they could fail or be criticized

-low self-esteem

-rumination and perseveration 

-relationship issues, especially feeling constantly attacked and responding defensively 

Outward Behavioral Signs of RSD

"Dysphoria" means "unbearable" in Greek; the emotional pain experienced during an episode of RSD is often described as "unbearable", "terrible", "catastrophic", or "devastating". The feeling is also often compared to being punched or stabbed in the chest and the specific emotional quality is hard to verbalize according to those who experience RSD.

Emotional Impact of RSD

Qualities of Mood Disorders:

-mood shifts have no clear trigger

-mood is independent of current life events

-mood shift is gradual, happens over course of a couple of weeks

-duration of episode must be 2+ weeks

Qualities of RSD:

-mood shifts have trigger

-mood is reflective of current life events

-mood shift is immediate

-duration of episode is a few hours at most before returning to baseline


RSD vs Mood Disorders

-RSD/ED not constantly present, only appears in triggered episodes

-there's no way to measure it at this point in time, so its presence cannot be published in research

-many people hide their RSD/ED due to shame and stigma, and do not want to be labeled as mentally unstable or over-reactive so it often goes unnoticed or unaddressed 

*note that research into RSD is very new, about 5 years old; though RSD is not diagnostic material there have been an overwhelming amount of subjects in ADHD studies and others with ADHD who identify strongly with this experience and so research is ongoing*

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