Verbatim propositions: propositions that feature exact resemblance to the represented part of the text.

Macalester College

- The analyses were conducted by two graduate students majoring in history, and a professor supervised the analyses and mediated the discussions over discrepant ratings between the two raters when necessary
- To understand how the participants formed and operated their mental representations, the participants’ recalls of the texts were first broken down into propositions by the two raters. Different approaches were used to analyse the propositions. 
- Propositions were rated as ‘valid’ or ‘invalid’
- Every valid proposition was awarded with one point. Every answer that received scores with two or more points of discrepancy between the two raters was checked by the professor to make sure no systematic rating bias existed. 
- Five types of propositions. 


Propositional Analysis (Designs of concept maps and their impacts on readers’ performance in memory and reasoning while reading)

Jeng-Yi Tzeng, (2010) Designs of concept maps and their impacts on readers’ performance in memory and reasoning while reading. National Tsing Hua University. United Kingdom Literacy Association. Journal of Research in Reading, ISSN 0141-0423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9817.2009.01404.x Volume 33, Issue 2, 2010, pp 128–147


Designs of concept maps and their impacts on readers’ performance in memory and reasoning while reading


Paraphrased propositions: propositions that contain the same semantic elements as are found in the represented part of the text, but which were differently worded or ordered.


Paraphrased proposition (Designs of concept maps and their impacts on readers’ performance in memory and reasoning while reading)

Inaccurate propositions: propositions that contain inaccurate concepts or relationships, for example using a wrong subject or verb.


Inaccurate proposition (Designs of concept maps and their impacts on readers’ performance in memory and reasoning while reading)

Deficit propositions: propositions that missed one or two semantic elements. This happened when the participants had only a fragmentary memory of the text. They consequently demonstrated their awareness of the target concept but were unable to phrase their memory in a complete proposition.

Deficit proposition (Designs of concept maps and their impacts on readers’ performance in memory and reasoning while reading)

Irrelevant propositions: propositions that were not derived from the text. They were mostly spin-off personal interpretations or reflections triggered by the text.


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